• AFRL-A6, 1:5, 1:5–6, 1:7, 1:15, 1:18, 1:19, 1:21, 1:25, 1:26, 1:29, 1:29, 1:30, 1:30, 1:36, 1:39
• AFRL-A6-S, 1:6, 1:7, 1:12, 1:13, 1:16–21, 1:23, 1:25, 1:32, 1:37, 1:38 AFRL-A6-T, 1:7, 1:23, 1:24, 1:25, 1:31 AFRL-A63, 1:1, 1:7, 1:37
• AFRL-A63-S, 1:6, 1:7, 1:32, 1:35, 1:36–39, 1:40
• AFRL-A63-S/T, 1:7
• MIT-A6, 1:5, 1:5, 1:7, 1:11, 1:14, 1:17– 19, 1:24, 1:25, 1:26, 1:27, 1:29, 1:29–30, 1:40
• MIT-A6-S, 1:6, 1:7, 1:12, 1:13, 1:17– 21, 1:22–23, 1:25, 1:26, 1:32–36, 1:33, 1:38–39
• MIT-A6-T, 1:6, 1:7, 1:23–24, 1:25, 1:29, 1:31
• MIT-A61, 1:1
• MIT-A61-S, 1:6, 1:7, 1:32, 1:33, 1:34, 1:38
• MIT-A61-S/T, 1:5, 1:7
• with solid cylindrical cathode, 1:7–23
• with solid cylindrical cathode and output iris(es), 1:31–39
• with transparent cylindrical cathode, 1:23–31
• See also dispersion diagrams; magnetrons; resonant cavity; resonant frequencies

active imaging, 4:355

active Thevenin equivalent network approach (ATHENA), 1:42, 1:44–45, 1:44, 1:47, 1:49

active tracking, 4:355, 4:363, 4:378

adaptive gain, 4:346, 4:348, 4:349–351, 4:350, 4:351–354

• offset, 4:347
• slope, 4:347
• and step size, 4:348–349, 4:350, 4:351–354

adaptive optics, 4:346–347

adaptive step size. See adaptive gain/and step size

aero-optical effects

• avoiding large effects, 1:60
• caused by subsonic turbulent boundary layers, 1:60
• from turrets, 1:59–61
• measurements of, 1:61
• simulation of effects over turrets, 1:76–92

airborne laser-based communication systems, 1:58, 1:59

• conceptual turret-free system, 1:60, 1:61
• method of predicting system performance of, 1:58, 61–75
• optimizing current and future systems, 1:58, 1:73–74

alignment laser, 2:162, 2:163, 2:164

ATHENA. See active Thevenin equivalent network approach

atmospheric scintillation, 4:355, 4:356–359

• reduction of, 4:364–366, 4:365

beam control system (BCS), 3:285

beam director, 2:159–160, 2:161, 2:164

• Eyekon Systems. See Eyekon Systems
• coudé path, 2:163
• pointing architectures, 2:160
• stabilization architectures, 2:160, 2:161, 2:162
• tactical beam directors, characteristics of, 2:160
• tracking architectures, 2:160, 2:161, 2:162–163, 2:164

beam fraction, 3:290

beam propagation factor (BPF). See M²

beam quality (BQ)

• calculations, 3:287
• defined, 3:287
• horizontal beam quality (HBQ), 3:292, 3:293–294, 3:294
• measures of, 3:290–305
• reference (or ideal ) beams, 3:292
• single-number figures of merit (FOM), 3:287–290, 3:288, 3:289
• Strehl ratio and beam quality, 3:295
• times diffraction limited, 3:294–295
• using power in the bucket curves, 3:285–307
• vertical beam quality (VBQ), 3:291– 293, 3:292, 3:293

boundary layers, turbulent, 1:58–75

• aero-optical effects of, 1:59–61
• See also far-field laser intensity dropouts from turbulent boundary layers

Brillouin dispersion diagram, 1:2

Number 1 Number 2, Number 3, Number 4

carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) laser effects on, 2:137, 2:138, 2:150–158

Cartesian coordinate system, 3:269, 3:270

catastrophic chain of events model, 3:241, 3:242, 3:246

ceramic lasers, 1:92–104

ceramic nanopowders. See nanopowders

composite materials, laser effects on, 2:137–158

• Acrylite GP, 2:129, 2:141–150, 2:142– 144, 2:149, 2:152, 2:154, 2:157
• polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), 2:138–141, 2:144–146, 2:148, 2:149, 2:150, 2:151

COMSOL Multiphysics® package, 2:137, 2:138–139

continuously operating (CW) RF-based injector. See injectors counter–rocket, artillery, and mortar (C

RAM) mission defined, 2:182 use of lasers in, 2:183

C-RAM. See counter–rocket, artillery, and mortar (CRAM) mission

cryoplant operation, Mark II, 3:216, 3:216–217

damped gyromagnetic precession, 1:51, 1:52

D-dot probes, 4:320, 4:328–329, 4:332

D-dot sensors, 3:227, 227, 3:228–235, 3:230–234

D-fiber, 4:337, 4:337

dielectric sensor, 3:219, 3:220, 3:235. See also slab-coupled optical sensors (SCOS)

differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 2:141–142, 2:142, 2:144, 2:145, 2:146, 2:150, 2:151, 2:157

diode pumped alkali laser (DPAL), 2:129–136

directed energy

• optical directed energy, 2:159
• tactical systems of, 2:159, 2:169. See also Eyekon Systems
• target service rates of, 2:160, 2:164

dispersion diagrams, 1:1-41

• analysis of results, 1:26–31
• calculated for generic multicavity magnetron, 1:7–23
• construction of, 1:18–23
• defined, 1:4
• effect of output irises on, 1:5
• of open AFRL-A63-S magnetron, 1:36–38
• of open MIT-A6-S magnetron, 1:32–36
• showing peculiarities of MIT-A61-S and AFRL-A63-S, 1:38–39

distributed Bragg reflectors, 2:176

electric field sensor, 3:219, 3:220–235

electric fields, in rail guns, 4:321–326

electron beam measurements, 3:207, 3:212–214, 3:217

electron beam source. See superconducting beam sources electron gun. See Mark I QW SRF gun

electro-optic (EO) crystals, 4:319, 4:321, 4:321, 4:327, 4:329, 4:329, 4:330– 331, 4:333–334

electro-optic (EO) sensors, 4:319–325, 4:327, 4:329–334, 4:329, 4:331–334

• field pulses measured by, 4:332
• in rail guns, 4:319, 4:321–326, 4:321, 4:323, 4:325
• in use, 4:332
• sensor head, 4:321
• vs. D-dot probes, 4:320

electro-optic lithium niobate, 4:337, 4:338, 4:341

engagement modeling. See satellite/CRAM engagement

external cavity diode laser systems, 2:129, 2:132

• components of, 2:135
• conceptual design, 2:132–136
• conceptual design, fast axis, 2:133–134, 2:134
• conceptual design, slow axis, 2:135, 2:135
• conceptual design, system layout, 2:135–136
• external cavity, 2:129, 2:130, 2:132, 2:132
• external cavity, diffraction grating in, 2:134
• external cavity, along slow axis, 2:134
• external cavity optics, 2:136
• external cavity, power from, 2:133
• multiple diode-array bars, 2:130
• stepped mirrors in, 2:130–131

Eyekon Systems

• beam director architecture, 2:169–171, 2:170
• beam director technology, 2:159, 2:160, 2:164, 2:166–169
• experimental beam director, 2:171–173, 2:174

Number 1 Number 2, Number 3, Number 4

far-field angular radius, 3:292

far-field laser intensity drop-outs from turbulent boundary layers, 1:58–75

• analysis of relative intensity scintillations, 1:72–73
• dropout durations and frequency, 1:66, 1:70–71, 1:71, 1:73
• experimental setup, 1:62, 1:62
• predicting relative amount, with statistical approach, 1:69–73
• predicting relative percent, in different flight conditions, 1:70–71

fast steering mirror (FSM), 2:160, 2:161, 2:162, 2:163, 2:164, 2:164, 2:170

fault/failure condition modeling, 3:244, 3:244

fault-free laser firing zones (FFLFZ), 3:247–249, 3:255

fault-free laser pointing errors, 3:245

fault-free overshoot and undershoot, 3:249

ferrimagnetic coaxial pulse sharpener, 1:56

ferrimagnetic materials, in NLTLs, 1:51, 1:52

fiber lasers, 3:261–263

fiber optic cables, 3:228

fiber-optic-reflectance spectroscopy, 2:142, 2:143, 2:143, 2:145, 2:157

fiber optic sensors. See electro-optic (EO) sensors; magneto-optic (MO) sensors

fine-grain ceramics, 1:97–103. See also nanopowders

first-principles modeling, 1:42, 1:43

flow solver, compact, high-order, 1:78

fluid equations, 1:82–84

Fourier series, 3:269, 3:275

Gaussian beams, 3:273–274, 3:275–276, 3:281, 3:285, 3:289, 3:295–297

• optimum Gaussian beam truncation, 300–301, 3:300
• real beam (Gaussian), 300
• reference beams for, 3:298–299
• single-Gaussian and two-Gaussian models, 3:296–305
• truncated aberrated Gaussian beams, 3:299
• truncated diffraction limited, 3:297–298, 3:298

geographic information system (GIS) technology, 3:239, 3:250, 3:251, 3:259

Number 1 Number 2, Number 3, Number 4

hazard region, 2:109, 2:126, 2:127

• calculating, 2:107, 2:117–126
• extent, 2:105
• mitigating, 2:107

HELCoMES performance code, 3:285, 3:287, 3:289, 3:290, 3:292, 3:292, 3:293, 3:294, 3:296, 3:299, 3:301, 3:303–305, 3:306

• comments on beam quality and M², 3:304–305
• using one-and two-Gaussian models in, 3:303–304

high-average current accelerator, 3:208

high-energy lasers (HEL), 4:381–382, 4:388, 4:393

• hazard analysis for applications in outdoor environments, 3:239
• hazard distances of, 3:239
• High Energy Laser Technology Demonstrator, 2:182
• PRA tools for, 3:239
• safety or injury threshold associated with, 2:127

high-order compact differences, 1:82, 1:83

high-power laser operations in outdoor environment, 4:381–407

• laser safety and analysis for. See laser safety;l laser hazard analysis; PRA based laser hazard assessment modeling

high-power microwave (HPM) systems, 1:42, 3:219, 4:327, 4:331, 4:332

• electromagnetic coupling (EM) in, 1:42, 1:43, 1:44, 1:44
• effects on electronic systems, understanding, 1:43–45
• first principles modeling of, 1:42–50
• measurements, 4:320
• measurement tests, 3:220, 3:229–235, 3:230–234
• prediction of significant effects, 1:42, 1:43
• source,3:228–229,3:229,3:230,4:336
• weapons,3:220,4:335–336

high voltage, 4:335–337, 4:343–344

• coaxialcable. See coaxial cable
• generators, test and evaluation of, 4:335–336, 4:343–344
• measurement, 4:338, 4:343
• pulses, 4:335, 4:336, 4:339, 4:342, 4:342, 4:343, 4:344
• sensors. See sensors, high-voltage sensor, development of

HPM. See high-power microwaves (HPM)

hybrid turbulence methods, 1:76, 1:78, 1:79, 1:80, 1:90

incoherent beam combining, 3:261, 3:262

induced RF field, 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, 1:39–40

illumination of objects, coherent vs. incoherent, 4:396, 4:358–363

inertial measurement unit (IMU), 2:161, 2:162–164, 2:164, 2:168–169, 2:173

injectors

• continuously operating (CW) RF-based injector, 3:208–209
• MarkII QWSRF photoinjector, 3:210– 217, 3:211
• normal-conducting radio-frequency (NCRF) injector, 3:208, 3:209
• superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) injector, 3:209

injury to unprotected observers, 3:240, 3:241, 3:245

• injury threshold, 2:105, 2:107, 2:127
• probability contours for injury-hazardous conditions, 2:125, 2:126–127
• probability of injury, 2:107
• See also risk evaluation stage: unprotected observers, injury to

instantaneous near-field wavefront statistics, 1:58

Number 1 Number 2, Number 3, Number 4

jitter, IMU, 2:161, 2:163

jitter, laser beam, 2:160, 2:162, 4:309–317

• amplitude, 4:310–316, 4:314
• comparison, 4:313
• effect of, 4:310, 4:311, 4:316
• experiment, 4:310–311, 4:311
• frequency, 4:311, 4:313
• mirror, 4:310, 4:311, 4:317
• oscillation frequency, 4:315–16, 4:315
• sawtooth. See sawtooth jitter
• sinusoidal, 4:313, 4:316–317, 4:317
• tests, 4:312–313, 4:312, 4:316

jitter, submicroradian, 2:168

jitter, telescope, 2:163, 2:168

Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, 1:51, 1:52

laser beam irradiance distributions, 3:270

laser beam jitter. See jitter, laser beam

laser beam propagation, 1:81–82

laser characterization. See beam quality

laser directed energy weapon (LDEW) systems, 4:381

laser effects on composite and polymer materials, 2:137–158

laser hazard analysis, 3:237, 4:381–382, 4:384, 4:388, 4:403

• for fault/failure operation, 3:247
• hazard identification, 4:387–388, 4:394
• hazard zone, 4:381, 4:383
• laser safety paper (LSP), 3:242, 3:244, 3:251, 4:393–394, 4:403, 4:404, 4:405
• laser system assessment stage, 4:388–390, 4:389, 4:394
• laser system evaluation stage, 4:390–391
• operator, 4:389, 4:389, 4:391–392, 403
• operational environment, 4:389, 4:389, 4:392–393
• relay mirror systems, 4:393 scope, 4:388
• See also PRA-based laser hazard assessment modeling; probabilistic risk assessment (PRA)

laser hazard area trace (LHAT), 3:257, 3:257

laser heating of materials, 3:268–284

laser–material interaction, 3:269

• as heat flux on surface absorbers, 3:269–273
• assessing lateral heat flow in, 3:274– 277, 277
• constant power analysis of, 3:281–282, 3:282, 3:283
• Gaussian solutions to, 3:273–274, 3:275–276, 3:281
• linear analysis of, 3:278–279, 3:278–279
• nonlinear analysis of, 3:279–281, 3:280–281
• spot size, 3:268, 3:275, 3:276, 3:278, 3:281–283, 3:282, 3:283

laser partial coherence, 4:355, 4:357, 4:367, 4:369, 4:374, 4:376

laser range safety, 3:237

• clearances for UK Thermal Imaging Airborne Laser Designator (TIALD) system, 3:237, 3:239

laser safety

• reflected laser hazard methodology, 2:105–128
• risk management process (UK), 3:241–242, 3:241
• threshold, 2:105, 2:107, 2:127
• using MATILDA, 3:237–259
• unprotected observers, injury to, 3:241, 3:245
• See also laser hazard analysis; laser range safety

laser system assessment, 4:388–390, 4:389, 4:394

Laser Weapon System (LaWS) U.S. Navy, 2:182

lithium niobate. See electro-optic lithium niobate

Littrow configuration, 2:129, 2:130, 2:132, 2:133

lutetia (Lu₂O₃) ceramics, 1:93

• Yb-doped Lu₂O₃ powder synthesis, 1:96–97

lutetium ion, 1:93

M² (or beam propagation factor), 3:288, 3:289, 3:293, 3:294, 3:295

• real beam (Gaussian) and, 3:300, 3:300
• magnetic bias environments, 1:51–57

Number 1 Number 2, Number 3, Number 4

magnetic moment dynamics, 1:51, 1:52, 1:53

magneto-optic (MO) crystals, 4:322, 4:327, 4:329, 4:329, 4:330, 4:331, 4:333, 4:334

magneto-optic (MO) sensors, 4:319–325, 4:327, 4:329–331, 4:329, 4:333–334, 4:329, 4:331–332, 4:334

• field pulses measured by, 4:332
• modification for use in rail guns, 4:322– 324
• in rail guns, 4:319, 4:321–326, 4:321, 4:323, 4:325
• in use, 4:332

magnetrons

• multicavity, 1:2, 1:5, 1:7, 1:11, 1:20, 1:24, 1:39–40
• relativistic magnetron, 1:1–41
• rising-sun, 1:1, 1:36–38, 1:40
• See also A6 resonant system; resonant cavity; resonant frequencies

Mark I Quarter Wave (QW) SRF gun, 3:207, 3:209–210, 3:210, 3:211, 3:212, 3:214, 3:216, 3:217

Mark II Quarter Wave (QW) SRF photoinjector, 3:207, 3:209–217, 3:211

• cavity and RF performance, 3:214–215, 3:215
• cryoplant operation, 3:216, 3:216–217
• electron beam of, 3:212–214, 3:217
• tuner performance, 3:215, 3:215

MATILDA (Military Advanced Technology Integrated Laser Hazard Assessment), 3:237, 3:238–239, 3:249–257, 3:258–259

• CALCFAULT analysis, 3:254–257, 3:255–256
• CALCZONE analysis, 3:253–254
• development and testing, 3:250–251
• RBPROG analysis, 3:252–253, 3:253, 3:254
• sample hazard analysis with, 3:251– 252, 3:251–252

maximum permissible exposure (MPE)

• defined, 1:205, 1:207
• calculation of, 1:116–117
• probability contours and, 2:123, 2:126, 2:127, 2:127

Miller heat soak, 3:05

minimum ophthalmoscopically visible lesions (MOVL), 3:245–247, 3:249, 3:256, 3:256, 3:258, 4:399, 4:400– 401

mobile tactical, high-energy laser ([M]THEL), 2:182

mode pattern, RF, 1:3–5, 1:7, 1:9–10, 1:12, 1:16, 1:17–18, 1:17, 1:21, 1:21, 1:26, 1:32–35, 1:34–45, 1:39

• Ï€ mode, 1:1, 1:9, 1:10, 1:16, 1:17, 1:20, 1:21, 1:23, 1:26, 1:30, 1:31, 1:32, 1:35–1:38, 1:40
• 2Ï€ mode, 1:10, 1:16, 1:20, 1:26, 1:31 3
• mode, 1:21, 1:21, 1:22–23, 1:31
• degenerate modes, 1:10, 1:17–18, 1:21, 1:31, 1:32–35, 1:38, 1:40
• fundamental component, 1:3, 1:10, 1:16, 1:18, 1:31, 1:39
• fundamental harmonic, 1:3, 1:16, 1:18, 1:20, 1:26
• nondegenerate, 1:10, 1:21, 1:35, 1:38, 1:40

modeling, first-principles, 1:43

Monte Carlo methods, 2:105, 2:108, 2:117

sampling and variance reduction (in satellite/C-RAM engagement model), 2:193–195

multipacting effects, 3:214

multiport equivalent circuit, 1:46

Number 1 Number 2, Number 3, Number 4

nanopowders, for fine-grain ceramics, 97– 103

• made with flame spray pyrolysis, 1:101–103, 1:103
• made with jet milling, 1:99–101, 1:101
• made with wet process, 1:98–99, 1:99

nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD), 3:240–241, 3:246, 3:257, 3:257

non-Gaussian beams, 3:285

• real beam (non-Gaussian) single-Gaussian estimate PIB curve, 3:301
• real beam (non-Gaussian) two-Gaussian estimate of PIB curve, 3:301– 303

nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs), 1:51

• geometry of, 1:52
• output waveforms vs. various bias levels, 1:54
• performance under magnetic bias environments, 1:51–57

numerical modeling of laser effects

• on polymer and composite materials, 2:137–158
• using COMSOL Multiphysics®, 2:139

observer position lines, 2:109–114, 2:109, 2:111, 2:116–117, 2:123–127, 2:124–127

• stochastic vs. nominal, 2:109, 2:111

open-circuit voltages, 1:45–48

optical beam steering. See optical directed-energy beam directors

optical bench, 2:164, 2:168, 2:169, 2:170, 2:170

optical component-to-metrology, frame-resonant structure, 2:167, 2:167

optical directed-energy beam directors, 2:159–174

optical fiber, sensing region, 4:337–338, 4:337–338

optical path difference (OPD), 1:59, 1:60, 1:81, 1:90

• temporal OPDrms distribution, 1:66–68

oxide-confined devices, 2:175, 2:178

partial spatial coherence, 4:357

• sample model test results, 4:363–367, 4:364–36–7

partial temporal coherence, 4:357, 4:358– 359

• sample model test results, 4:367–376, 4:368–376

photoinjector. See Mark II QW SRF photoinjector

pointing error probability distribution function (PDF), 3:243–244

polymer materials, laser effects on, 2:137–158

ports, circuit board, 1:44, 1:44, 1:45, 1:45

• voltages of, 1:44–49

power in the bucket (PIB) curves, 3:285– 307

• beam fraction (BF) at specific bucket radius, 3:290, 3:290
• power in the bucket efficiency (PIBE), 3:290, 3:291

power scaling, 1:97

PRA-based laser hazard assessment modeling, 3:243, 3:258, 4:402–403, 4:404– 405

• as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) principle, 3:241, 3:243, 243, 3:247, 3:258, 4:405
• information risk, 4:404
• scope of, 4:403

predictive avoidance, 2:183

probabilistic hazard analysis, 2:105–128

• statistics of conditions used to assess, 2:108
• vs. deterministic hazard analysis, 2:107

probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), 3:237, 3:238, 4:381–382, 4:384, 4:402–404

• computational model, 3:248–249
• expectation model (UK), 3:246–247
• partition model for range safety, 3:237, 3:247
• probabilistic laser pointing, 3:243–245
• probabilistic laser hazard assessment (UK), 3:246
• probabilistic ocular damage modeling, 3:245–246
• probabilistic pointing error modeling, 3:243–244
• probabilistic range clearance model (PRCM), 3:242
• vs. standard risk analysis methods, 3:238–239, 3:241, 3:258

probes, 4:320

• for measuring field strength, 4:327– 330, 4:328, 4:333
• See also sensors

pseudo-star, 2:161, 2:162, 2:162, 2:163

• impact on beam director, 2:163
• inertial measurement unit (IMU) on, 2:162
• inertial pseudo-star reference unit (IPSRU), 2:163
• pulse generator, 4:341, 4:341, 4:344

pulse sharpening, 1:51, 1:52, 1:56

quarter wave (QW) cavity geometry, 3:209–210

Number 1 Number 2, Number 3, Number 4

radio-frequency directed energy (RFDE), 1:42, 1:43.

• See also high-power microwave (HPM) systems

radio frequency (RF) measurements, 4:320

radio-frequency (RF) power applied to any cavity, 3:214

• field emission effects on, 3:210
• limiting losses of, 3:210
• multipacting effects on, 3:214
• requirements for low-average currents, 3:209
• requirements to accelerate beam currents, 3:209
• requirements to drive CW RF-based injector, 3:208

rail guns, 4:319–326

• electromagnetics of, 4:320
• rail/armature interface design, 4:320, 4:320, 4:326

rare-earth–doped ceramics, 1:92–104

reflectance

• divergence angle, 2:121, 2:122, 2:124– 126, 2:126, 2:127
• divergence magnitude, 2:120–121, 2:122, 2:125–126, 2:127

reflected beam

• diameters of, 2:115
• exposure to, 2:107
• geometry of, 2:108
• velocity of, 2:115
• See also reflected lasers; reflected rays

reflected lasers

• specular reflections from targets, 2:105, 2:108, 2:108
• See also laser safety: reflected laser hazard methodology

reflected rays

• angles, 2:110, 2:112, 2:113, 2:116, 2:123, 2:125
• cone of, 2:107–110

relay mirror systems, 4:393

resonant cavity, 1:1, 1:5, 1:10

resonant frequencies, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:10

• calculations of, 1:4, 1:5, 1:11–22, 1:13– 15, 1:23–26
• of 3D geometry, 1:4
• within 2D geometry, 1:4

risk assessment process, 4:381–382, 4:384–385, 4:385, 4:387, 4:387, 4:394, 4:396, 4:401–404, 4:401

• acceptable risk, 4:385–386, 4:386, 403
• classic, 4:387
• formal, 4:381–382, 402, 404–405
• maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits, 3:238, 3:240, 3:241, 3:249, 3:258
• origins of, 4:384–385
• probabilistic, 4:381–382, 4:384, 4:404
• review stage, 4:402
• system risk model, 4:389
• top-down, 4:401

risk-based range clearance technique, 3:244

risk evaluation stage, 4:388, 4:394–402

• application, 4:401
• catastrophic chain of events model, 4:394–396, 4:395
• deterministic evaluation, 4:399–400
• direct irradiation hazards, 4:396–397
• misdirected laser energy (P_OD component), 4:395, 4:395, 4:399, 4:400
• range clearance model, 4:396, 4:401–402, 4:405
• reflected energy hazards, 4:398
• risk pathways analysis (P_E component), 4:395, 4:395, 4:396, 4:397, 4:399, 4:400
• satellite beam hazards, 4:398
• UK probabilistic method, 4:400–401
• unprotected observers, injury to (P_I component), 4:395, 4:395, 4:398– 399, 4:400

risk management and control process, 3:241, 3:241

Number 1 Number 2, Number 3, Number 4

safety threshold, 2:105. See also laser safety; laser range safety

satellite/C-RAM engagement

• cumulative effects over a campaign, 2:203, 2:203
• defining parameters of, 2:184
• modeling approach, 2:185–196
• probability of, 2:183–184, 2:204
• scenarios: counterinsurgency and major combat operations, 2:196–198, 2:197–198
• sensitivity of scenarios to real-world variables, 2:198–203, 2:199–203

satellites, laser impingement of, 2:181–205

• consequences of, 2:183
• probability of, 2:183–184
• probability when engaging a RAM projectile. See satellite/C-RAM engagement

sawtooth jitter, 4:316–317, 4:317

• function, 4:317
• wave, 4:312, 4:316
• See also jitter, laser beam

scalar metric, 4:346, 4:348

sensing, 4:335–336, 4:342

• electric field, 4:336, 4:339, 4:340, 4:342, 4:344
• optical fiber, 4:336–337, 4:337

sensitivity for VSELs. See vertical-cavity, surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL)

sensor(s)

• alignment, 2:162
• construction of, 4:329–331
• D-dot and B-dot (metallic), 4:328–329, 4:332, 4:336
• electro-optic (EO) sensors. See electro-optic sensors
• high-speed wavefront sensors, 1:61
• high-voltage sensor, development of, 4:336–341
• inertial, 2:162
• integrated electro-magneto-optic sensors (IEMS), 4:331
• magneto-optic (MO) sensors. See magneto-optic (MO) sensors
• Malley probe, 1:61, 1:62, 1:64
• metallic sensors, problems with, 4:328–329, 4:328
• optical fiber sensors, 4:336–337, 4:337
• optical (MO and EO) sensors, 4:329
• optimization of, 4:329–331
• SCOS. See slab-coupled optical sensors (SCOS)

sensor axis, 4:330, 4:331

sensor head, 4:329, 4:329, 4:331

Shack-Hartman sensor, 1:61, 1:64

• tracking, 2:160

sesquioxide-based ceramics, 1:93–104

• laser performance in, 1:94–95

slab-coupled optical sensors (SCOS), 4:335–344, 4:337–344

• detection system, 3:222–223, 3:222
• field-tested against D-dot sensors, 3:227–235
• multiaxis SCOS angle calibration, 3:225–227, 3:229
• principles, 3:220–222
• wavelength calibration, 3:223–225, 3:223, 3:225

slab waveguide, 4:337, 4:338, 4:338

solid cylindrical cathode, 1:1, 1:5, 1:7, 1:12, 1:13–15, 1:17–19, 1:21–22, 1:23, 1:25, 1:26, 1:29–31, 1:31–40, 1:33–35

space harmonics, 1:2–3

• of generic symmetrical A6 system, 1:8

spatial coherence, 4:355, 4:358–359, 4:363, 4:364–367, 4:364, 4:365, 4:376–377, 4:378

• dimensionless turbulence parameters for, 4:377–378, 4:378
• impulse response for, 4:359, 4:361–362, 4:362 model, 4:357, 4:363–376
• See also partial spatial coherence

spectral beam combining (SBC), 3:260– 267, 3:261, 3:264

• using diffraction grating, 3:261–265, 3:264
• using prism(s), 3:261
• using spectral beam-combiner design, 3:265–267, 3:265, 3:267

spectral narrowing, from external cavity, 2:129, 2:130, 2:133, 2:135

SPGD algorithm, 4:346–347, 4:348–351, 4:352–354

Spice circuit solvers, 1:49

Spice ngspice, 1:50

spot size in analysis of laser–material interaction, 3:268, 3:275, 3:276, 3:278, 3:281– 283, 3:282, 3:283

stationary spot size, 4:309–317, 4:314, 4:316

stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD), 4:346–347

Strehl ratio (SR), 1:58, 1:60, 1:65, 1:66, 1:66

• instantaneous far-field SR, 1:58, 1:69– 70, 1:73

superconducting beam sources, 3:208–209

superconducting radio-frequency (SRF), 3:209

superfish code/calculations, 1:7, 1:12, 1:13, 1:17, 1:19, 1:20, 1:21, 1:23, 1:24–26, 1:29, 1:32, 1:35, 1:38

tactical lasers, 2:159, 2:169. See also Eyekon Systems; mobile tactical, high-energy laser

Thermal Imaging Airborne Laser Designator (TIALD) system (UK), 3:237, 3:239, 3:247, 3:250

Thevenin-equivalent circuit, 1:47, 1:49. See also active Thevenin equivalent network approach (ATHENA)

TIALD system. See Thermal Imaging Airborne Laser Designator (TIALD) system (UK)

transparent cylindrical cathode: 1:1, 1:5, 1:7, 1:23–26, 1:27–28, 1:29–31, 1:39

turret configurations (flat-window and conformal) 1:76, 1:77, 1:85

• computational chimera grids for turret cases, 1:84
• previous research on flow over, 1:78
• simulation of flow around, 1:84–85
• simulation results and conclusions, 1:85–90

turrets aero-optical effects from, 1:59–61

• conceptual turret-free system, 1:60, 1:61
• conformal turrets. See turret configurations
• flat window turrets. See turret configurations
• flow physics around, 1:78–81
• numerical simulations of, 1:78

vertical-cavity, surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), 2:175–180

• basic structure of, 2:176, 2:176
• characterization results, 2:178–180, 2:178–179
• design of, 2:176–177
• epitaxial structure of, 2:176
• sensitivity analysis of, 2:176–2:178, 2:177–178

voltage measurements, 4:338, 4:342

voltage probe, 4:336–338, 4:340–342, 4:344, 4:342

wavefront sensor, 4:351–352

wave-optic simulation, 4:357, 4:376

wave-optic speckle model, 4:357

Xemed XeBox-E10 commercial xenon polarizer, 2:132

Xemed xenon polarizer, 2:132 Xyce, 1:50

Yb-doping concentrations, 1:93, 1:94–95, 1:95

ytterbium (Yb) ion, 1:93

yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), 1:93